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|birth_date = July 9, 1823 (date uncertain) |birth_place = Grafton Co., New Hampshire |death_date = |death_place = In or near San Francisco |death_cause = ''Status epilepticus'' |occupation = |spouse=None |children=None |residence = |home_town = Lebanon, New Hampshire |resting_place = Cypress Lawn Memorial Park, California (skull in Warren Anatomical Museum, Massachusetts) |known_for = Personality change after brain injury }} Phineas P. Gage (1823May 21, 1860) was an American railroad construction foreman remembered for his improbable survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior over the remaining twelve years of his lifeeffects sufficiently profound (for a time at least) that friends saw him as "no longer Gage". Long known as "the American Crowbar Case"once termed "the case which more than all others is calculated to excite our wonder, impair the value of prognosis, and even to subvert our physiological doctrines"Phineas Gage influenced nineteenth-century discussion about the mind and brain, particularly debate on cerebral localization, and was perhaps the first case to suggest that damage to specific parts of the brain might induce specific personality changes. Gage is a fixture in the curricula of neurology, psychology, and related disciplines , "a living part of the medical folklore" frequently mentioned in books and scientific papers; he even has a minor place in popular culture. Despite this celebrity, the body of established fact about Gage and what he was like (before or after his injury) is small, which has allowed "the fitting of almost any theory () to the small number of facts we have"Gage acting as a "Rorschach inkblot" in which proponents of various conflicting theories of the brain all claimed to find support for their views. Historically, published accounts of Gage (including scientific ones) have almost always severely exaggerated and distorted his behavioral changes, frequently contradicting the known facts. A report of Gage's physical and mental condition shortly before his death implies that his most serious mental changes were temporary, so that in later life he was far more functional, and socially far better adapted, than in the years immediately following his accident. A social recovery hypothesis suggests that his employment as a stagecoach driver in Chile provided daily structure allowing him to regain lost social and personal skills. ==Life== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phineas Gage」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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